The Fertilizer Industry In India Environmental Sciences Essay

The fertiliser Industry In India Environmental Sciences EssayThe fertiliser define was established in 1906 in Tamil Nadu. The growth of the fertilizer labor began in 1951 with plant establishment by plant food Corporation of India. The constant take on of fertilizer resulted in Green alteration and lead to disruptioning of labor in industry in several parts of India. Today, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala and Punjab produce over half of the total produce of fertilizer required in India. Apart from them, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Orissa, Bihar, Assam, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Goa and Karnataka argon too important producers of fertilizers. The ease of obtain ability of natural catalyst resulted in the wide spread of the fertilizer industry. India produces nitrogen-bearing nearly 11 million t adepts, phosphate 4 million tones and potash fertilizers to 1.7 million tones. The country imports potassium from abroad.Chemical and bio fe rtilizers play a vital role in the success of putting surface revolution in India. India is basic whollyy an land foc mapd economy flourishing on Indian fertilizers. With green revolution, Indian fertilizer manufacturers and suppliers stool call forthd their doing and have attained self-sufficiency in the needs of Indian fertilizers. The industry of Indian fertilizers is associated sectors of agricultural sphere. India surfaced as the largest producer of chemical fertilizers, nitrogenous fertilizers as well as bio fertilizer in association with unvarying endeavour of manufacturers and suppliers of fertilizer. Today, India earth-closet boast of having surplus nourishment grain and this excess ar facilitated due to the Indian fertilizers. The manufacture and fertilizers sum is viewed as the most zilch process in the Indian industry. The nitrogenous as well as bio fertilizers have great impact on the use of energy and the determining factors for efficiency of energy in the in dustry are prey stocks, applied science, contentedness utilization and plant age.Indian governing body formulated policies favourable to the fertilizer suppliers, consumers and manufacturers. This was reserveed by numerous committees and was formulated by the Indian government to determine the policies regarding fertilizers. The increase in the fertilizer industry is approved to favourable policies. Now, there are many fertilizer units and supply a wide celestial orbit of fertilizers. This is apparent from the steady global demand for Indian fertilizers that is being fulfilled. Recent years is viewing a demand for entire fertilizers be perspectives inorganic fertilizers. more(prenominal) private fertilizer companies are showing positive gesture by setting plants in assorted countries and are elevating the demand for chemical and bio fertilizers. The fertilizers industry in India has a good and bright future in the market. The Indian government is offering optimal support b y subsidizing raw materials as well as by relaxing the export policies and this is found to be favourable to the fertilizer companies. Fertilizers are chemical compounds applied to promote plant and fruit growth. Fertilizers are commonly applied either through the background (for uptake by plant roots) or, by foliar feeding (for uptake through leaves). Fertilizers can be placed into the categories of organic fertilizers (composed of decayed plant/ wildcat matter), or inorganic fertilizers (composed of simple chemicals and minerals) .Organic fertilizers are naturally occurring compounds, much(prenominal) as peat, manufactured through natural processes (such as composting), or naturally occurring mineral deposits Fertilizers typically provide, in varying proportions, the three major plant nutrientsindustrial Environment of Fertilizers..Cadmium is produced mainly as a spin-off of mining, smelting and refining of zinc and, to a lesser degree, as a by-product of lead and copper pro ceeds. It is therefore primarily a function of zinc production rather than cadmium demand.Major shifts in smelting and refining engineering science (from pyrometallurgical to hydrometallurgical processes) have led to significant decreases in releases of cadmium to the environment.Cadmium is used and traded globally as a metal and as a component in various products, in particular in batteries until it was banned in a quash of countries. early(a) major uses of refined cadmium are Pigments for plastics, Ceramics and enamels Stabilizers for plastics Plating on iron and steel and alloying element of some lead, copper and tin alloys.Since 1990, the consumption of such products has been change magnitude significantly because of the awareness of the detrimental impacts on health and the environment.Waste commission systems have increasingly been put in place in industrialized countries to keep down releases of cadmium into the environment. However, some of the uses of cadmium which hav e been phased out in developed countries have continued or even increased in developing countries.industrial SOCIETYThis leads to the rise of very large cities and surrounding suburban areas with a high rate of economic activity. These urban centers require the input of external energy radicals in station to overcome the diminishing returns of agricultural consolidation, due partially to the lack of nearby arable land, associated transportation and storage monetary values, and are otherwise unsustainable. Industrial societies are generally mass societies. Industrial society is characterized by the use of external energy sources, such as fossil fuels, to increase the rate and exfoliation of production. The production of food is shifted to large commercial farms where the products of industry, such as combine harvesters and petroleum base fertilizers, are used to decrease required human repel while increasing production. No longer needed for the production of food, excess labor i s moved into these factories where mechanization is utilized to set ahead increase efficiency. As populations grow, and mechanization is further refined, often to the level of automation, many workers shift to reach outing service industries.MAJOR PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY Agriculture refers to the production of food and goods through work and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of civilization, with the husbandry of domesticated animals and plants (i.e. crops) creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more densely populated and stratified societies. The study of agriculture is known as agricultural science (the related practice of gardening is studied in horticulture). Agriculture encompasses a wide variety of specialties and techniques, including ways to expand the lands suitable for plant raising, by digging water-channels and other forms of irrigation. Cultivation of crops on arable land and the pastoral herding of livesto ck on rangeland remain at the existence of agriculture. In the past century there has been increasing concern to identify and quantify various forms of agriculture. In the developed world the range usually extends in the midst of sustainable agriculture (e.g. permaculture or organic agriculture) and intense farming (e.g. industrial agriculture). Modern agronomy, plant breeding, pesticides and fertilizers, and technological breakments have sharply increased yields from cultivation, and at the comparable time have caused widespread ecological damage and negative human health effects. Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry such as intensive pig farming (and similar practices applied to the chicken) have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal cruelty and the health effects of the antibiotics, growth hormones, and other chemicals commonly used in industrial meat production Tillage is the practice of plowing shit to prepare for planting or for nutrient incorporation or for pest control. Tillage varies in intensity from conventional to no-till. It may improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, but also renders soil more prone to erosion, triggers the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO2, and reduces the abundance and diversity of soil organisms . Pest control includes the management of weeds, insects/mites, and diseases. Chemical (pesticides), biological (biocontrol), mechanical (tillage), and cultural practices are used. Cultural practices include crop rotation, culling, cover crops, intercropping, composting, avoidance, and resistance. Integrated pest management attempts to use all of these methods to keep pest populations below the number which would cause economic loss, and recommends pesticides as a last resort.. Nutrient management includes both the source of nutrient inputs for crop and livestock production, and the method of utilization of manure produced by livestock. Nutrient inputs can be chemical inorganic fertilizers, manure, green manure, compost and tap minerals Crop nutrient use may also be managed use cultural techniques such as crop rotation or a unploughed period Manure is utilized either by holding livestock where the feed crop is growing such as in Managed intensive rotational grazing, or by spreading either dry or liquid formulations of manure on cropland or pastures. Water management is where rainfall is insufficient or variable, which occurs to some degree in most regions of the world. Some farmers use irrigation to supplement rainfall. In other areas such as the Great Plains in the U.S. and Canada, farmers use a fallow year to conserve soil moisture to use for growing a crop in the following year. Agriculture represents 70% of freshwater use worldwide.The role of the fertilizer industry The fertilizer industry helps ensure that farmers have the nutrients they need to grow enough crops to meet the worlds emergencys for food, feed, fiber and energy. The nutrients supplied by the industry The fertilizer industry encourages the adoption of Fertilizer Best perplexity Practices (FBMPs) as part of good agricultural practices.Future trends in this industryFertilizer technology may be predicted by extrapolating from current developments. Mixtures and materials with high percentages of plant nutrients ordain dominate the field. Better ways of providing nitrogen, the most expensive of the three major nutrients, go forth be forthcoming, including increased use of anhydrous ammonia, ammonium nitrate, and urea. No leachable nitrogen, for example, can be obtained through the urea-formaldehyde (ureaform) reaction, and ammonium met phosphate offers a concentrated liquid product. Micronutrients, or trace elements, specific to particular geographical areas will come into increasing use, as will custom mixing and bulk selling of mixtures containing several nutrients based on reliable soil a nd plant data. may come into use with the tape planted, no further fertilizer or water will be needed until growth is well established. Such techniques using biodegradable tapes have already been developed on a small scale for use by home gardeners. Finally, larger and more precise fertilizing machines will be developed and adopted.The fertilizer sector in India holds a major share among the energy intensive industries of the country. The industry has shown unparalleled growth in the past few years. Although growing in an accelerating rate, the industry is faced with a number of challenges, inter alia, the lack of major plant resources such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium. The government has established nine public sector undertakings in the Indian fertilizer market and one cooperative society, known as the Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited (KRIBHCO) that functions under the supervision of the Department of Fertilizers in India. There are 63 large units dedicated to the produ ction of fertilizers. Among these, 9 units produce ammonium sulphate while 38 units produce urea. There are 79 small and medium scale units producing single superphosphate. economic IMPACT ON THE INDUSTRYThe economy of the country does have considerable impact on the fertilizer industry in the following ways The cost of this industry is quite high which is very difficult for the economy of the country to support especially in current circumstances. lifelike Gas is the main demand of this industry and it is very difficult to fulfill that. Recently the government has announced the cut in the supply of the Natural Gas in the shape of cut shedding. When there is a boom in the agriculture sector of the economy, the demand of the fertilizers also gets increased which puts positive effects on the industry.HUMAN RESOURCE ISSUES IN INDUSTRYThere would non be any of such issues in the industry as the educated human resource is easily open and for further enhancement in performance trainin g should be conducted in companies both technical and interpersonal.HURDLES IN MARKETINGIneffective distribution process. Prices are non same in all over Pakistan. Uneducated target market because of this marketing is difficult. New entrants discouraged. Rigid and slow reaction to market changes. Weak rival or shortages may lead to price gouging and/or product adulteration.FINANCING EASILY AVAILABLEFinancing is easily available in this sector. The government is willing to develop this sector so that it would fulfill the requirements. Recently, twain plants are opening one is of Fatima Fertilizer and one of Engro Ammonia name. In project of Engro Ammonia Plant there is total investment of $1 one million million million is needed, for which it has signed a syndicate loan of Rs 18.3 billion.IMPACT OF POLITICAL PARTIESAs in India, there is a culture that all of the work related to establishment would be easier only when you have good relationship with these parties. Fertilizer Ind ustry has too much concern with the Government for handiness of Natural Gas and Water, subsidy, anti-dumping duty, and custom free import and so on. All these factors have considerable effect on the profitability of the companies and without political parties help, companies will not be able to get these benefits. In the industry, all companies have very good and stable relation with the political parties and therefore enjoy benefits which they want to. So, we can say that the impact of political parties is positive on this industryTRADE ISSUES RELATED TO FERTILIZER INDUSTRY1. Agreement is being make that the market forces will be allowed to work, in the case of fertilizer imports.2. To stop dumping in fertilizer industry the WTO regulation related to anti dumping must be applied in the industry for the industry benefit.3. In case of import the fertilizer producing companies are exempted where as the non4. The introduction of General Sales Tax on fertilizers should be care amply co nsidered since it would have serious implications on price relations. 5. Market information and monitoring by the National Fertilizer Development Centre should be strengthened to serve as a real information centre for the fertilizer sector.PROPOSALS GIVEN BY PEOPLE OF FERTILIZER INDUSTRYThe first promontory in proposal was about career development of employees People work in one section or department from years are passive with the same knowledge and style of doing job.There should be proper career planning of employee which results in better and improved output for the organization.Some employees are working in the same department or section since they are appointed. Employees should be transferred with in departments so there is job variety that develops their interests, update their information and improve their performance.Due to high rate of unemployment in the country people join those jobs which are against their interest so proper analysis should be do and explore those employee which can do better what they are currently doing in the organizationManagement should take necessary action in implementing the safety organization.OUR PROPOSALSStrict calibre control and monitoring should be there to prevent import of sub-standard products.The problem of logistics should be looked into. Transportation through railway (being cheaper), especially during peak seasons should be made available.There is a need to educate the farmers on match fertilizer use so as to neutralize the adverse impacts of constant use of nitrogenous fertilizers.HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS OF FERTILIZER INDUSTRYHiring quality manpower, keeping them happy, satisfied and motivated are the pillars of the Human Resources Department justice, fair play and merit orientated treatment are some of the ingredients of processing cases by the Human Resources Department. For Human Resource development, another aspect which receives its due share is training. The employees are exposed to various kinds of cross training, technical courses, management courses, workshops and seminars both at home and abroad. Employees welfare has all along received due consideration by the Management particularized TRAINING INSTITUTIONSFollowing training institutions are available 1. NFC Institute of Engineering and Technological Training 2. Technical Training Center (TTC)NFC INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND technology The NFC Institute of Engineering and Technological Training is the training centre of the National Fertilizer Corporation of Pakistan. It is a small engineering college established to meet the requirement of trained manpower for chemical process industry, especially in the fertilizer sector. A Training Centre was established in 1985.Operators and TechniciansSupervisorsEngineers.2. TECHNICAL TRAINING shopping mall 25 Technical Training Center (TTC) lies in its expert faculty having rich plant operation and maintenance experience, functional pilot plants, well fit shops for practi ce and access to FFC operating plants for real life demonstration. This institution conducts following programs Training of engineers technicians customized to Clients specific needs. Fertilizer Technology Course for fresh engineers. Professional Management Curses. Apprenticeship Programs for operators technicians. Skill Improvement Programs for operators technicians in the areas of Plant Operations, Maintenance Safety.Supplier PowerNo threat of forward integration. High Switching cost because it is difficult to direct with other groups and deal with them. Concentration is low. They act as separate groups competing for the same project. In this industry supplier has a high bargaining power, as most of them are Foreign Groups.Buyers PowerSwitching cost is low but does not have significant effect due to fixed prices. There are two substitute products available, Imported Fertilizer and Bio-Fertilizer. Production of bio-fertilizer is almost over and imported fertilizer is available at the same price because of anti-dumping duty and Government regulations for the prices of fertilizer for particular seasons are fixed. Although Buyers are large in numbers and purchases a large quantity as well, but buyers do not have a bargaining power. There is no forum available that protects them, and this group is not educated enough to fight for their rights. All what has happened, is done by the Government. authorisation EntrantsBrand reputation of existing companies is also one of the barriers because customers do not easily get ready to switch. Massive Ecological surveys must be done sooner companies can begin production. Government Policies and regulation are also act as barriers because Natural Gas which is the main raw material of the industry, and the prices and supply of it is completely depend upon the Government. As before government was charging feed gas at lower rate and Fuel gas at higher rate. just now now they are being charged at the same rate. Government does not easily give permission for manufacturing plant due to shortage of Natural gas and harmful environmental effects, this also act as a barrier. Huge capital requirement is one of the greatest barriers for entry. There are number of barriers to entry such, as capital requirements, government policies, reputation of existing firms and ecological surveys.SubstitutesSwitching costs is low. Suitability of Alternatives imported fertilizer is as suitable as the industry products are. Bio-fertilizer is more suitable to use then the industry products, as it has no harmful environmental effects, cheap to produce and it also enhance the grandness of the soil. Where as our product reduces the natural fertility, but its production is almost over. Therefore industry does not have a threat of substitutes.There are two substitutes available1. Imported Fertilizer2. Bio-FertilizerRivalryCompetition is only on the basis of Quality. Prices are fixed for every season so no argument on the basis of pricing behavior. Industry is at maturity stage so competition on the basis of growth is low. Fixed Costs are too high, which is not easily possible to tolerate. It reduces the competition.MARKETThe target market of the industry can be divided in to two parts1. Farmers2. push down ownersTREND ANALYSIS governmental social movementGas for balancing, modernization, replacement expansion for existing plants has been filed for 7 years. Gas price has been fixed for 10 years for unexampled investments. Export benefit to suppliers of capital goods for new/modernization projects of fertilizer. Tax relaxation has also been offered by the Government. Import by manufacturers of Rock Phosphate and Phosphorous of fertilizer free of customs duty. The Government is providing concessionary feed stock gas to the fertilizer plants for production of urea. Investors will be allowed to relocate second hand plant, equipment and machinery, with the same concession/exemption as applicable to new plant s. To fulfil local demand of fertilizers at affordable prices, the Government is providing subsidy on production and import of fertilizers. Political trends are always in favour of this industry. The Government has provided following incentives under Fertilizer Policy, 2001, to encourage fertilizer production in the countryEconomical TrendImport by manufacturers of Rock Phosphate and Phosphorous of fertilizer free of customs duty.One of the main sectors of economy is Agricultural as it contributes 22% to the gross domestic product and without Fertilizer industry this sector would not able to work. Due to that Government always gives support to the fertilizer industry.PHOENIXTax relaxation has been offered in order to attract new entrants.Export benefit to suppliers of capital goods for new/modernization projects of fertilizer. To reduce the dependence onBan on export of fertilizer is also imposed so that economic stability would be gain. The Government is providing subsidy on produc tion and import of fertilizers. a massive subsidy of Rs. 27 billion in the supply of urea and DAP in 2009. imported fertilizers by enhancing the local production capacity.Social TrendsAlthough the adverse effects of this industry is very high because of the improper handling of the waste. Due to this, many diseases like asthma, kidney diseases, hepatitis etcare caused. Still, the usage of the fertilizers cannot be stopped because it gives farmers so much ease in terms of saving time and actually, using it. Making bio -fertilizer has now become an old usage and farmers dont prefer to use it against artificial fertilizer.Technological TrendThe fertilizer plant operators have now fully absorbed and assimilated the latest technological developments, incorporating environmental friendly process technologies, and are in a position to operate and maintain the plants at their optimum levels and on international standards in terms of capacity utilization, specific energy consumption. To mee t the demand of fertilizers in the country through indigenous production, self-reliance in figure engineering and execution of fertilizer projects is very crucial. This requires a strong indigenous technological base in planning, development of process know-how, detailed engineering and expertness in project management and execution of projects. The fertilizer industry is also carrying out de-bottlenecking and energy saving scheme in their existing plants and to enhance the capacity and reduce the specific energy consumption per ton of product. Companies are also planning to convert to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG).pollution standards. The average performance of gas-based plants in the country today is amongst the best in the world.SWOT ANALYSISStrengthsAll companies in the industry have developed a well planned meshwork field warehouses to ensure that fertilizers are available to the farmers uninterrupted. Fertilizer industry peruses an innovative education oriented advertising pol icy utilizing electronic/ print media and road side advertisement. Industry has well distribution centers. Demand is heavy because, being an agriculture country and due to increasing awareness about the balanced use of fertilizer, demand for the fertilizer will increase. All the fertilizer plants are producing at more than 100 per cent installed capacity of utilization. Adding some new unit can enhance the production capacity of the plants.WeaknessLow advertising campaigns as growers and farmers are not educated and lives in Fertilizer sector is backward in technology and also lack in resources. villages, so they dont exactly know the balanced use of fertilizer. Demand is more and capacity of plants to produce fertilizers is less. Due to the existence of lightlessness market and heavy demand, farmers have to pay above then the stated price.OpportunitiesAs India is an agricultural country and farmers are getting awareness about the balanced use of fertili As demand is high comparing to supply, fertilizer sector has an opportunity to expand the capacity to fulfill the local demand. Government is giving support to fertilizer sector Availability of gas from Iran can increase the production of plants and industry c an fulfill the demands. There is no quota restriction by WTO since 2005, so there are more chances of export. If the quality is good customer will buy your product. By improving the quality of products, industry can attract more customers and can retain customers by satisfying their needs. zer, demand of fertilizer has increased.ThreatsGovernment policies are not consistent regarding fertilizer industry. Bio fertilizer is the main threat to the industry because it is cheap and also environment friendly. Global prices of fertilizer products are also increasing which is causing increase in fertilizer prices in the country. Prices of fuel and gas have increased enormously. Unstable political condition in the country is also a big threat to fertilizer indus try. Imported fertilizer is available at cheap prices than local fertilizer. As natural gas is the main raw material, load shedding of natural gas is big threat.CONCLUSION planning and Administration and Vigilance. It makes an assessment of the individual requirements of the states and union territories and then lays out an elaborate supply plan.Though the soil in India is rich in silt, it lacks chief plant nutrients like potassium, nitrogen and phosphate. The increase in the production of fertilizers and its consumption acts as a major contributor to overall agricultural development. Size of Indian Fertilizer Industry Growth of Indian Fertilizer Industry Private Companies in Indian Fertilizer Market Public Sector Companies in Indian Fertilizer Market Major Players in Indian Fertilizer Fertilizer industry Global Demand for Indian Fertilizer Government Policies and Indian Market Challenges before Indian Fertilizer Industry Concluding remarks on Indian Fertilizer IndustryPosted by ICM IM